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1 boiler bay
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > boiler bay
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2 boiler bay
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > boiler bay
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3 boiler bay
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4 boiler bay
1) Техника: пролёт котла2) Энергетика: котельное отделение (электростанция) -
5 bay
1) пролёт (моста, здания, цеха, стана); шаг колонн ( здания каркасного типа)2) отсек, секция ( для размещения оборудования); ячейка ( для размещения аппаратуры); бокс; площадка3) штатив; стойка4) ж.-д. платформа6) ниша; эркер8) строит. захватка9) лесн. подштабельное место10) метал. отстойная часть ( печи)11) водоём, бассейн12) бьеф•-
abutment bay
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airstairs bay
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antenna bay
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auxiliary bay
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boiler bay
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cage bay
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cant bay
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car bay
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case bay
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casting bay
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charge holding bay
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charging bay
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cold storage bay
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continuous-casting bay
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defective fuel bay
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dispatch bay
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end bay
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engine bay
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entrance bay
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erection bay
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fining bay
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furnace bay
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gate bay
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group terminal bay
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hardware bay
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head bay
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heat treatment bay
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holding bay
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ingot storing bay
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loading bay
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melting bay
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mold preparation bay
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mold setting-and-stripping bay
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piling bay
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pitch bay
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plate finishing bay
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pouring bay
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raw-material bay
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reactor auxiliary bay
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reactor bay
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reception bay
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repair bay
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scaling bay
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scalping bay
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scrap box filling bay
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sick bay
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soaking pit bay
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sorting bay
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spent fuel storage bay
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stockyard bay
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storage bay
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stripping bay
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tail bay
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teeming bay
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television monitoring bay
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test bay
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transfer bay
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tumble bay -
6 пролет котла
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > пролет котла
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7 пролет котла
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8 house
1) односемейный жилой дом; жилище; помещение2) вмещать, ставить на место; поместить (где-л.), жить в доме4) защищать, укрывать•- apartment house - basement house - bath house - block house - boiler house - branch house - bunk house - cell house - chapter house - compressor house - control house - cooling house - detached suburban house - domestic house - drying house - duplex-type house - dwelling house - engine house - factory-made house - fan house - fire engine house - frame-type house - gas house - gate house - gig house - greengroup houses - half-timber house - hose house - incineration house - insert house - lodging house - log house - low rent house - mansion house - multi-bay house - multi-bay house with some corridor storeys - no-frills house - one-family house - opera house - panel-built house - panel-type house - patio house - precast concrete house - prefabricated house - pump house - ranch house - ranch-type house - ready-cut house - round house - row houses - sectional house - semi-detached house - single-family house - storage house - study house - substandard house - tank house - tenement house - terrace house - terraced houses - toll house - tool house - town house - two-family house - type house - used house - vacation house - valve house - water house - wattle house - weigh house - wood frame house* * *1. брит. индивидуальный [одноквартирный] дом2. амер. жилой дом, жилое здание3. хранить, содержать- apartment house
- autonomous house
- bachelor house
- bastel house
- bath house
- bird house
- boarding house
- boiler house
- buttress type house
- central boiler house
- cold water house
- condemned house
- cook house
- cool house
- cooperative apartment house
- cooperative house
- country house
- court house
- custom house
- derelict house
- detached house
- district boiler house
- double house
- duplex house
- dwelling house
- engine house
- fire house
- fortified house
- frame house
- gallery apartment house
- garden house
- glass house
- government funded houses
- green house
- guest house
- holiday house
- hot house
- ice house
- instrument shelter house
- log house
- low energy house
- manor house
- multistorey apartment house
- one-off house
- opera house
- power house
- prefabricated house
- private house
- public house
- public sector house
- pump house
- round house
- semidetached house
- settlement house
- single family house
- stately house
- storage house
- studio house
- terraced houses
- tool house
- town house
- two-family house
- vacation house
- wash house
- weekend house -
9 AB
1) Общая лексика: Assembly Bill, (Aurora Borealis) северное сияние2) Компьютерная техника: Application Bulletin3) Авиация: abort4) Морской термин: матрос первого класса (able seaman)5) Медицина: астматический бронхит (сокр. от asthmatic bronchitis), вспомогательное дыхание6) Французский язык: Балканский пакт (Турция, Греция, Югославия) (историч.) (сокр. от Alliance Balkanique)7) Ботаника: Apple Blossom8) Спорт: Air Bike9) Военный термин: Able Bodied, After The Bomb, All Battle, Answer Back, Armor Board, Army Book, Atomic Bomb, acquisition beacon, advisory board, aerial burst, afterbody, air blast, air bomber, airborne, alert building, ambush, ammunition bearer, area bombing, armored brigade, aviation battalion, aviation brigade10) Техника: absorption band, accumulator buffer, acid bath, actinide burning, activate button, address buffer, address bus, air breaker, alabamine, alabamium, anechoic box, annealed in box, antenna supports, audio bandwidth, auto beacon, auxiliary boiler, auxiliary building, avionics bay, continuous automatic transcribed broadcast service11) Химия: Acid Base12) Религия: American Baptist13) Метеорология: Aurora Borealis14) Экономика: Aktiebolag( Swedish: Limited Company on shares)15) Страхование: Able-bodied seaman16) Грубое выражение: Absolute Belligerence, After The Ban, Always Bad, Australian Bitch17) Политика: Abkhazia18) Сокращение: ABle seaman, Abkhazian, Able Rate / Seaman (UK Royal Navy), Adapter Booster, Admiralty Board (UK), Admiralty Board, Afterburner, Air Base (USA), Airborne forces, Aktie Bolag (Company constitution (Finland, Sweden)), Assault Breaker, able-bodies seaman, Air-break, Alberta, about, American Bureau of Shipping (Американское бюро судоходства (классификационное общество)), automated bibliography (библиография, составляемая при помощи ЭВМ), auxiliary breaker (вспомогательный выключатель), abbreviation (сокращение, аббревиатура)19) Текстиль: Adult Baby20) Университет: Accreditation Body, Activities Building, Advanced Business, Alpha Beta21) Физиология: A Or B, Abnormal, Adaptive Behavior, Added Benefit, Antigen Binding, Automatic Behavior22) Хирургия: вспомогательная вентилляция легких23) Электроника: Active Bridge, Amplifier Board, Automatic Balancing24) Нефть: air base25) Иммунология: Aerobic Bacteria26) Биохимия: Alcian Blue27) Космонавтика: база ВВС28) Транспорт: Airframe Bulkhead29) Пищевая промышленность: American Breakfast30) Атомная энергия: ПРК (auxiliary boiler - пуско-резервная котельная)31) Фирменный знак: Amphenol- Borg, Avatars Banners32) СМИ: American Bandstand33) Деловая лексика: Annual Budget34) Сетевые технологии: Accessed By35) Полимеры: acrylonitrile butadiene, allyl bromide36) Автоматика: алкилбензол (Alkyl Benzene)37) Океанография: Asymmetric Balance38) Химическое оружие: Anchor bolt, зарин (усл. обозначение от sarine)39) Военно-морской флот: старшина авиационной боцманской команды [на авианосце] (сокр. от Aviation Boatswain's Mate)40) Безопасность: Apache Benchmark41) Каспий: able body42) Имена и фамилии: Allan Border, Angela Brant, Annie Besant43) Программное обеспечение: Apache Benchmarking, Application Bridge44) Хобби: Antique Brass45) AMEX. Cannon Express, Inc. -
10 Ab
1) Общая лексика: Assembly Bill, (Aurora Borealis) северное сияние2) Компьютерная техника: Application Bulletin3) Авиация: abort4) Морской термин: матрос первого класса (able seaman)5) Медицина: астматический бронхит (сокр. от asthmatic bronchitis), вспомогательное дыхание6) Французский язык: Балканский пакт (Турция, Греция, Югославия) (историч.) (сокр. от Alliance Balkanique)7) Ботаника: Apple Blossom8) Спорт: Air Bike9) Военный термин: Able Bodied, After The Bomb, All Battle, Answer Back, Armor Board, Army Book, Atomic Bomb, acquisition beacon, advisory board, aerial burst, afterbody, air blast, air bomber, airborne, alert building, ambush, ammunition bearer, area bombing, armored brigade, aviation battalion, aviation brigade10) Техника: absorption band, accumulator buffer, acid bath, actinide burning, activate button, address buffer, address bus, air breaker, alabamine, alabamium, anechoic box, annealed in box, antenna supports, audio bandwidth, auto beacon, auxiliary boiler, auxiliary building, avionics bay, continuous automatic transcribed broadcast service11) Химия: Acid Base12) Религия: American Baptist13) Метеорология: Aurora Borealis14) Экономика: Aktiebolag( Swedish: Limited Company on shares)15) Страхование: Able-bodied seaman16) Грубое выражение: Absolute Belligerence, After The Ban, Always Bad, Australian Bitch17) Политика: Abkhazia18) Сокращение: ABle seaman, Abkhazian, Able Rate / Seaman (UK Royal Navy), Adapter Booster, Admiralty Board (UK), Admiralty Board, Afterburner, Air Base (USA), Airborne forces, Aktie Bolag (Company constitution (Finland, Sweden)), Assault Breaker, able-bodies seaman, Air-break, Alberta, about, American Bureau of Shipping (Американское бюро судоходства (классификационное общество)), automated bibliography (библиография, составляемая при помощи ЭВМ), auxiliary breaker (вспомогательный выключатель), abbreviation (сокращение, аббревиатура)19) Текстиль: Adult Baby20) Университет: Accreditation Body, Activities Building, Advanced Business, Alpha Beta21) Физиология: A Or B, Abnormal, Adaptive Behavior, Added Benefit, Antigen Binding, Automatic Behavior22) Хирургия: вспомогательная вентилляция легких23) Электроника: Active Bridge, Amplifier Board, Automatic Balancing24) Нефть: air base25) Иммунология: Aerobic Bacteria26) Биохимия: Alcian Blue27) Космонавтика: база ВВС28) Транспорт: Airframe Bulkhead29) Пищевая промышленность: American Breakfast30) Атомная энергия: ПРК (auxiliary boiler - пуско-резервная котельная)31) Фирменный знак: Amphenol- Borg, Avatars Banners32) СМИ: American Bandstand33) Деловая лексика: Annual Budget34) Сетевые технологии: Accessed By35) Полимеры: acrylonitrile butadiene, allyl bromide36) Автоматика: алкилбензол (Alkyl Benzene)37) Океанография: Asymmetric Balance38) Химическое оружие: Anchor bolt, зарин (усл. обозначение от sarine)39) Военно-морской флот: старшина авиационной боцманской команды [на авианосце] (сокр. от Aviation Boatswain's Mate)40) Безопасность: Apache Benchmark41) Каспий: able body42) Имена и фамилии: Allan Border, Angela Brant, Annie Besant43) Программное обеспечение: Apache Benchmarking, Application Bridge44) Хобби: Antique Brass45) AMEX. Cannon Express, Inc. -
11 ab
1) Общая лексика: Assembly Bill, (Aurora Borealis) северное сияние2) Компьютерная техника: Application Bulletin3) Авиация: abort4) Морской термин: матрос первого класса (able seaman)5) Медицина: астматический бронхит (сокр. от asthmatic bronchitis), вспомогательное дыхание6) Французский язык: Балканский пакт (Турция, Греция, Югославия) (историч.) (сокр. от Alliance Balkanique)7) Ботаника: Apple Blossom8) Спорт: Air Bike9) Военный термин: Able Bodied, After The Bomb, All Battle, Answer Back, Armor Board, Army Book, Atomic Bomb, acquisition beacon, advisory board, aerial burst, afterbody, air blast, air bomber, airborne, alert building, ambush, ammunition bearer, area bombing, armored brigade, aviation battalion, aviation brigade10) Техника: absorption band, accumulator buffer, acid bath, actinide burning, activate button, address buffer, address bus, air breaker, alabamine, alabamium, anechoic box, annealed in box, antenna supports, audio bandwidth, auto beacon, auxiliary boiler, auxiliary building, avionics bay, continuous automatic transcribed broadcast service11) Химия: Acid Base12) Религия: American Baptist13) Метеорология: Aurora Borealis14) Экономика: Aktiebolag( Swedish: Limited Company on shares)15) Страхование: Able-bodied seaman16) Грубое выражение: Absolute Belligerence, After The Ban, Always Bad, Australian Bitch17) Политика: Abkhazia18) Сокращение: ABle seaman, Abkhazian, Able Rate / Seaman (UK Royal Navy), Adapter Booster, Admiralty Board (UK), Admiralty Board, Afterburner, Air Base (USA), Airborne forces, Aktie Bolag (Company constitution (Finland, Sweden)), Assault Breaker, able-bodies seaman, Air-break, Alberta, about, American Bureau of Shipping (Американское бюро судоходства (классификационное общество)), automated bibliography (библиография, составляемая при помощи ЭВМ), auxiliary breaker (вспомогательный выключатель), abbreviation (сокращение, аббревиатура)19) Текстиль: Adult Baby20) Университет: Accreditation Body, Activities Building, Advanced Business, Alpha Beta21) Физиология: A Or B, Abnormal, Adaptive Behavior, Added Benefit, Antigen Binding, Automatic Behavior22) Хирургия: вспомогательная вентилляция легких23) Электроника: Active Bridge, Amplifier Board, Automatic Balancing24) Нефть: air base25) Иммунология: Aerobic Bacteria26) Биохимия: Alcian Blue27) Космонавтика: база ВВС28) Транспорт: Airframe Bulkhead29) Пищевая промышленность: American Breakfast30) Атомная энергия: ПРК (auxiliary boiler - пуско-резервная котельная)31) Фирменный знак: Amphenol- Borg, Avatars Banners32) СМИ: American Bandstand33) Деловая лексика: Annual Budget34) Сетевые технологии: Accessed By35) Полимеры: acrylonitrile butadiene, allyl bromide36) Автоматика: алкилбензол (Alkyl Benzene)37) Океанография: Asymmetric Balance38) Химическое оружие: Anchor bolt, зарин (усл. обозначение от sarine)39) Военно-морской флот: старшина авиационной боцманской команды [на авианосце] (сокр. от Aviation Boatswain's Mate)40) Безопасность: Apache Benchmark41) Каспий: able body42) Имена и фамилии: Allan Border, Angela Brant, Annie Besant43) Программное обеспечение: Apache Benchmarking, Application Bridge44) Хобби: Antique Brass45) AMEX. Cannon Express, Inc. -
12 WB
1) Разговорное выражение: Wanna Be2) Американизм: Wage Bill3) Ботаника: Will Blossom4) Спорт: Wanna Battle, Water Ball, Weapon Bonus, Wrestling Board5) Военный термин: Water Buffalo, wage board, warehouse book, water bottle, weekly bulletin, wheelbase, word before, warband6) Техника: waste boiler, whole body, wide-band, wide-beam, work breakdown7) Шутливое выражение: We Boogie, We Brood, We Brothers, Wellfare Broadcasting, Whining Babies, Wonderful Beverley, Wow Bad, Wreck Batman8) Химия: Water Based, Wet Basis, White Base9) Религия: We Believe, Worship Beelzebub10) Метеорология: With Blowing11) Юридический термин: Well Behaved, White Bandits, White Boy, Wife Beater12) Грубое выражение: We Blow, We Bullshit, We're Bastards, Wee Bastards, Weekly Bullshit, Whiny Bitch, Wicked Bastards, Wimpy Bastards, Without Brains, Without Bras, Worthless Bastards, Worthless Boobs13) Оптика: wide bandwidth14) Телекоммуникации: white balance15) Сокращение: WayBill, Weather Bureau, Week Beginning, Wide Band, wagon box, wash bucket, wedge bar, westbound, whale boat, wheel base, wheelbarrow, wood base, workbench, Write Back16) Физиология: Weight bearing, Western Blot, Whole Blood17) Электроника: Weak Base18) Вычислительная техника: welcome back, WorkBench (Amiga, Commodore)19) Нефть: water blanket20) Канадский термин: West Brunswick22) Пищевая промышленность: White Bread23) Фирменный знак: Wess And Bagger, World Of Balance24) Сварка: с подложкой\\поддержкой\\подпором (например газа) с обратной стороны (сварного шва). (With Backing)26) Деловая лексика: Waiver Of Business27) Бурение: вудбайн (Woodbine; песчаник верхнего мела)28) ЕБРР: World Bank29) Полимеры: wet bulb30) Программирование: Write Binary31) Макаров: water ballast, wideband32) Собаководство: Winner's Bitch33) Имена и фамилии: William Benedict, William Butler, Wolf Blitzer34) Общественная организация: White Bison35) Чат: Web Board, What Bull, Why Bother36) Правительство: Washington/ Baltimore, Whitefish Bay37) Программное обеспечение: Web Browser, White Boxes38) СМС: Would Be -
13 Wb
1) Разговорное выражение: Wanna Be2) Американизм: Wage Bill3) Ботаника: Will Blossom4) Спорт: Wanna Battle, Water Ball, Weapon Bonus, Wrestling Board5) Военный термин: Water Buffalo, wage board, warehouse book, water bottle, weekly bulletin, wheelbase, word before, warband6) Техника: waste boiler, whole body, wide-band, wide-beam, work breakdown7) Шутливое выражение: We Boogie, We Brood, We Brothers, Wellfare Broadcasting, Whining Babies, Wonderful Beverley, Wow Bad, Wreck Batman8) Химия: Water Based, Wet Basis, White Base9) Религия: We Believe, Worship Beelzebub10) Метеорология: With Blowing11) Юридический термин: Well Behaved, White Bandits, White Boy, Wife Beater12) Грубое выражение: We Blow, We Bullshit, We're Bastards, Wee Bastards, Weekly Bullshit, Whiny Bitch, Wicked Bastards, Wimpy Bastards, Without Brains, Without Bras, Worthless Bastards, Worthless Boobs13) Оптика: wide bandwidth14) Телекоммуникации: white balance15) Сокращение: WayBill, Weather Bureau, Week Beginning, Wide Band, wagon box, wash bucket, wedge bar, westbound, whale boat, wheel base, wheelbarrow, wood base, workbench, Write Back16) Физиология: Weight bearing, Western Blot, Whole Blood17) Электроника: Weak Base18) Вычислительная техника: welcome back, WorkBench (Amiga, Commodore)19) Нефть: water blanket20) Канадский термин: West Brunswick22) Пищевая промышленность: White Bread23) Фирменный знак: Wess And Bagger, World Of Balance24) Сварка: с подложкой\\поддержкой\\подпором (например газа) с обратной стороны (сварного шва). (With Backing)26) Деловая лексика: Waiver Of Business27) Бурение: вудбайн (Woodbine; песчаник верхнего мела)28) ЕБРР: World Bank29) Полимеры: wet bulb30) Программирование: Write Binary31) Макаров: water ballast, wideband32) Собаководство: Winner's Bitch33) Имена и фамилии: William Benedict, William Butler, Wolf Blitzer34) Общественная организация: White Bison35) Чат: Web Board, What Bull, Why Bother36) Правительство: Washington/ Baltimore, Whitefish Bay37) Программное обеспечение: Web Browser, White Boxes38) СМС: Would Be -
14 wb
1) Разговорное выражение: Wanna Be2) Американизм: Wage Bill3) Ботаника: Will Blossom4) Спорт: Wanna Battle, Water Ball, Weapon Bonus, Wrestling Board5) Военный термин: Water Buffalo, wage board, warehouse book, water bottle, weekly bulletin, wheelbase, word before, warband6) Техника: waste boiler, whole body, wide-band, wide-beam, work breakdown7) Шутливое выражение: We Boogie, We Brood, We Brothers, Wellfare Broadcasting, Whining Babies, Wonderful Beverley, Wow Bad, Wreck Batman8) Химия: Water Based, Wet Basis, White Base9) Религия: We Believe, Worship Beelzebub10) Метеорология: With Blowing11) Юридический термин: Well Behaved, White Bandits, White Boy, Wife Beater12) Грубое выражение: We Blow, We Bullshit, We're Bastards, Wee Bastards, Weekly Bullshit, Whiny Bitch, Wicked Bastards, Wimpy Bastards, Without Brains, Without Bras, Worthless Bastards, Worthless Boobs13) Оптика: wide bandwidth14) Телекоммуникации: white balance15) Сокращение: WayBill, Weather Bureau, Week Beginning, Wide Band, wagon box, wash bucket, wedge bar, westbound, whale boat, wheel base, wheelbarrow, wood base, workbench, Write Back16) Физиология: Weight bearing, Western Blot, Whole Blood17) Электроника: Weak Base18) Вычислительная техника: welcome back, WorkBench (Amiga, Commodore)19) Нефть: water blanket20) Канадский термин: West Brunswick22) Пищевая промышленность: White Bread23) Фирменный знак: Wess And Bagger, World Of Balance24) Сварка: с подложкой\\поддержкой\\подпором (например газа) с обратной стороны (сварного шва). (With Backing)26) Деловая лексика: Waiver Of Business27) Бурение: вудбайн (Woodbine; песчаник верхнего мела)28) ЕБРР: World Bank29) Полимеры: wet bulb30) Программирование: Write Binary31) Макаров: water ballast, wideband32) Собаководство: Winner's Bitch33) Имена и фамилии: William Benedict, William Butler, Wolf Blitzer34) Общественная организация: White Bison35) Чат: Web Board, What Bull, Why Bother36) Правительство: Washington/ Baltimore, Whitefish Bay37) Программное обеспечение: Web Browser, White Boxes38) СМС: Would Be -
15 AB
1. abortion - аборт; выкидыш; остановка развития; недоразвитие органа;2. about - приблизительно; около; почти;3. absorption band - полоса поглощения;4. accumulator buffer - буферный регистр накапливающего сумматора;5. acid bath - кислотная ванна;6. actinide burning - сжигание актинидов;7. activate button - кнопка пуска;8. address buffer - буфер адресов;9. address bus - адресная шина;10. air blast - воздушное дутьё; с воздушным дутьём;11. air breaker - воздушный выключатель;12. airborne - бортовой; воздушный; воздушный, аэрозольный, содержащийся в воздухе, переносимый по воздуху; самолетный; на борту, в полете;13. alabamine - алабамий;14. alabamium - астат; At;15. anechoic box - безэховая камера;16. annealed in box - отожжённый в контейнере; отожженный в ящике;17. antenna supports - средства крепления антенных устройств;18. antibody - антитело;19. audio bandwidth - ширина полосы звуковых частот;20. auto beacon - автоматический радио маяк-ответчик;21. auxiliary boiler - вспомогательный котёл;22. auxiliary building - вспомогательное здание реакторной установки;23. avionics bay - отсек бортовой радиоэлектронной аппаратуры;24. continuous automatic transcribed broadcast service - радиовещательная служба автоматической передачи сообщений, записанных на пленку -
16 single
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17 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives[br]b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, Englandd. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England[br]English civil and mechanical engineer.[br]The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.[br]Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
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